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Možné indivíduá a posibílie (II)
(Possible Individuals and Possibilia)
Filozofia, 2015, vol. 70, No 10, pp. 800-816.
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RIS The present paper offers (i) a logico-semantic analysis of sentences of the form „(ιx)Φ(x) is C“, where C stands for „possible“ (LP) or „merely possible“ (ML) or „really possible“ (Re) or „impossible“ (NP) and (ii) an explication of intuitive meanings of these expressions using modal temporal semantics. The crucial question concerning this analysis runs: To which items in these sentences the modality C is attributed? Is it an individual that is the referent of the description „(ιx)Φ(x)“ or is it an intension generated by the meaning of the description or is it the meaning of the description itself? It is argued that the most suitable response is the last one. Unlike some other positions, the present view has it that possibilia are not individuals but meanings of individual descriptions that have referents only at world-time couples <w, t> where w is not the previous world. Being a possibilium amounts to being the meaning of a description having the property MP that is defined as follows: (ιx)Φ(x) is MP iff (ιx)Φ(x) is possible but there is not exactly one individual having the property (λx)Φ(x) at some world-time couple <aw, t> where aw is the actual world. Apart from the concept of possibilium, another concept of semipossibilium (SP) is introduced – it is the meaning of a description having except some referents in the actual world at least one referential pause in this world (time interval at which the description has no referents).
The first part introduces (i) the notions of semantic reference and user’s intentional reference, (ii) the difference between the actual world and the real world and (iii) the definitions of LP, MP, Re and NP modalities. The second part investigates the question whether the intension or meaning of a description is a suitable subject of predication in sentences of the form „(ιx)Φ(x) is C“. The rest of this part deals with possibilia and semipossibilia.